Biography of Mahatma Gandhi
Birth: October 2, 1869, Porbandar, Kathiawar Agency (now Gujarat)
Death: 30 January 1948, Delhi
Functions / Achievements: Played the most important role in the freedom movement
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a prominent political leader of the Indian independence movement. Following the principles of Satyagraha and non-violence, he played an important role in providing independence to India. These principles of his inspired people all over the world for civil rights and freedom movement. He is also called the Father of the Nation. Subhash Chandra Bose addressed him as 'Father of the Nation' in the broadcast released in the name of Gandhiji in the year 1944 from Rangoon Radio.
Mahatma Gandhi is an example for the entire human race. He followed non-violence and truth in every situation and asked people to follow them. He lived his life in virtue. He always wore traditional Indian dress dhoti and cotton shawl. This great man, who always eats vegetarian food, also kept a long fast for self-purification.
Before returning to India in 1915, Gandhi fought for the civil rights of the people of the Indian community in South Africa as a migrant lawyer. Coming to India, he visited the entire country and united the farmers, laborers and workers to fight against heavy land tax and discrimination. In 1921, he took over the reins of the Indian National Congress and through his actions influenced the political, social and economic landscape of the country. He gained considerable fame with the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and the 'Quit India' movement in 1942. During India's independence struggle, Gandhi ji also remained in jail for many years on several occasions.
Mohandas's mother Putlibai Parnami belonged to the Vaishya community and was highly religious in nature, influenced by young Mohandas and these values later played an important role in her life.She used to keep a fast and once in a family, she would do her service day and night in Sushrusha. Thus Mohandas naturally adopted non-violence, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification and mutual tolerance among those who believe in different religions and creeds.
In 1883, at the age of 13 and half, he was married to 14-year-old Kasturba. When Mohandas was 15 years old, his first child was born but she lived only a few days. His father Karamchand Gandhi also passed away in the same year (1885). Later Mohandas and Kasturba had four children - Harilal Gandhi (1888), Manilal Gandhi (1892), Ramdas Gandhi (1897) and Devdas Gandhi (1900).
He did his middle school education in Porbandar and high school education in Rajkot. Mohandas remained an average student at the academic level. In 1887, he passed the matriculation examination from Ahmedabad. After this Mohandas enrolled in Shamaldas College in Bhavnagar but due to poor health and home disconnection he remained unhappy and left college and went back to Porbandar.
Death: 30 January 1948, Delhi
Functions / Achievements: Played the most important role in the freedom movement
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was a prominent political leader of the Indian independence movement. Following the principles of Satyagraha and non-violence, he played an important role in providing independence to India. These principles of his inspired people all over the world for civil rights and freedom movement. He is also called the Father of the Nation. Subhash Chandra Bose addressed him as 'Father of the Nation' in the broadcast released in the name of Gandhiji in the year 1944 from Rangoon Radio.
Mahatma Gandhi is an example for the entire human race. He followed non-violence and truth in every situation and asked people to follow them. He lived his life in virtue. He always wore traditional Indian dress dhoti and cotton shawl. This great man, who always eats vegetarian food, also kept a long fast for self-purification.
Before returning to India in 1915, Gandhi fought for the civil rights of the people of the Indian community in South Africa as a migrant lawyer. Coming to India, he visited the entire country and united the farmers, laborers and workers to fight against heavy land tax and discrimination. In 1921, he took over the reins of the Indian National Congress and through his actions influenced the political, social and economic landscape of the country. He gained considerable fame with the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and the 'Quit India' movement in 1942. During India's independence struggle, Gandhi ji also remained in jail for many years on several occasions.
Early Life
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on 2 October 1869 in Porbandar, a coastal city in Gujarat, India. His father Karamchand Gandhi was a Diwan of a small princely state (Porbandar) of Kathiawar during the British Raj. |
| Young Gandhi, at the age of 7, in 1876. It is the only existing picture of Gandhi as a child. |
Mohandas's mother Putlibai Parnami belonged to the Vaishya community and was highly religious in nature, influenced by young Mohandas and these values later played an important role in her life.She used to keep a fast and once in a family, she would do her service day and night in Sushrusha. Thus Mohandas naturally adopted non-violence, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification and mutual tolerance among those who believe in different religions and creeds.
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| Gandhiji and his wife Kasturba |
In 1883, at the age of 13 and half, he was married to 14-year-old Kasturba. When Mohandas was 15 years old, his first child was born but she lived only a few days. His father Karamchand Gandhi also passed away in the same year (1885). Later Mohandas and Kasturba had four children - Harilal Gandhi (1888), Manilal Gandhi (1892), Ramdas Gandhi (1897) and Devdas Gandhi (1900).
He did his middle school education in Porbandar and high school education in Rajkot. Mohandas remained an average student at the academic level. In 1887, he passed the matriculation examination from Ahmedabad. After this Mohandas enrolled in Shamaldas College in Bhavnagar but due to poor health and home disconnection he remained unhappy and left college and went back to Porbandar.
Education and Advocacy Abroad
Mohandas
was the most educated in his family, so his family believed that he
could become the heir (Diwan) of his father and uncle. One of his family
friends, Mavji Dave, suggested that once Mohandas became a barrister
from London, he could easily get the title of Diwan. His mother Putlibai
and other family members opposed the idea of going abroad, but agreed
to Mohandas's assurance.
In
the year 1888, Mohandas went to England to study law and become a
barrister at University College London. According to the promise given
to his mother, he spent his time in London. There they had a lot of
difficulty related to eating vegetarian and had to stay hungry many
times during the initial days. Gradually, they found out about
restaurants with vegetarian food. After this, he also joined the
membership of the Vegetarian Society. Some members of this Society were
also members of the Theosophical Society and suggested Mohandas to read
the Gita.
Gandhi
returned to India in June 1891 and came to know about his mother's
death. He started advocating in Bombay but did not achieve much success.
After this he went to Rajkot where he started writing the applications
for the cases for the needy but after some time he had to leave this job
too.
Eventually, in 1893, an Indian firm accepted the work of advocacy on a one-year contract with Natal (South Africa).
Eventually, in 1893, an Indian firm accepted the work of advocacy on a one-year contract with Natal (South Africa).
Gandhiji in South Africa (1893–1914)
Gandhi
reached South Africa at the age of 24. He went there as a judicial
advisor to some Indian businessmen based in Pretoria. He spent 21 years
of his life in South Africa where his political ideas and leadership
skills developed. They faced severe racial discrimination in South
Africa. Once the first class coach in the train had a valid ticket, he
was thrown out of the train for refusing to enter the third class
compartment. All these events became a turning point in his life and led
to awareness of the prevailing social and political injustice. In view
of the injustice being done to the Indians in South Africa, questions
began to arise in their minds regarding the honor of the Indians and
their own identity under the British Empire.
In South Africa, Gandhiji inspired Indians to fight for their political and social rights. He also raised the issue of citizenship of Indians to the South African government and actively inspired the British authorities to recruit Indians in the Zulu War of 1906. According to Gandhi, in order to make his citizenship claims legal, Indians should cooperate in the British war effort.
In 1918, Kheda in Gujarat was hit by floods and drought, due to which the situation of farmers and poor changed and people started demanding tax apologies. In Kheda, under the guidance of Gandhiji, Sardar Patel led the farmers to discuss this problem with the British. After this, the British released all the prisoners by releasing revenue collection. Thus, after Champaran and Kheda, Gandhi's fame spread throughout the country and he emerged as an important leader of the freedom movement.
Gandhiji called for a Swadeshi policy which was to boycott foreign goods, especially English goods. He said that all Indians should wear handmade khadi by our own people, rather than the clothes made by the British. He asked men and women to spin yarn daily. Apart from this, Mahatma Gandhi also requested to boycott UK educational institutions and courts, to quit government jobs and to return the honors and honors received from the English government.
The non-cooperation movement was getting immense success, which increased the enthusiasm and participation among all sections of the society, but in February 1922, it ended with the Chauri-Chaura scandal. After this violent incident Gandhiji withdrew the non-cooperation movement. He was arrested and tried for treason in which he was sentenced to six years imprisonment. He was released by the government in February 1924 due to poor health.
At the same time, the British government created a new Statutory Reform Commission for India under the leadership of Sir John Simon, but none of its members were Indians, due to which Indian political parties boycotted it. After this, in the Calcutta session of December 1928, Gandhiji asked the British rulers to give power to the Indian Empire and to be prepared to face the non-cooperation movement for the independence of the country.
The Indian flag was hoisted in Lahore on 31 December 1929 after the British received no response and the Congress celebrated 26 January 1930 as Indian Independence Day. After this, Gandhiji launched the Salt Satyagraha in protest against the government's imposition of tax on salt, under which he traveled about 388 km from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat from 12 March to 6 April. The purpose of this trip was to generate salt by itself. Thousands of Indians participated in this journey and were successful in distracting the English government. During this time, the government arrested more than 60 thousand people and sent them to jail.
After this, the government, represented by Lord Irwin, decided to consult Gandhiji as a result of which the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. Under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the British government agreed to release all political prisoners. As a result of this agreement, Gandhi attended the Round Table Conference held in London as the sole representative of the Congress but this conference was extremely disappointing for the Congress and other nationalists. After this, Gandhi was arrested again and the government tried to crush the nationalist movement.
Gandhi resigned from Congress membership in 1934. Instead of political activities, he shifted his focus to building the nation 'from the lowest level' through 'creative programs'. He started the work of educating rural India, continuing the movement against untouchability, promoting spinning, weaving and other cottage industries and creating an education system suited to the needs of the people.
'Quit India' became the most powerful movement in the struggle for freedom movement which led to widespread violence and arrest. Thousands of freedom fighters were either killed or injured in this struggle and thousands were arrested. Gandhiji made it clear that he would not support the British war effort unless India was granted immediate independence. He also said that this movement will not stop despite personal violence. He believed that the government chaos prevailing in the country is more dangerous than the real chaos. Gandhiji asked all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline with non-violence, do or die (do or die).
As everyone had anticipated, the English government arrested Gandhiji and all members of the Congress Working Committee on 9 August 1942 in Mumbai and Gandhiji was taken to the Aga Khan Palace in Pune where he was held captive for two years. Meanwhile, his wife Kasturba Gandhi died after 22 February 1944 and after some time Gandhiji also suffered from malaria.
The British could not let him in jail in this condition, so he was released on 6 May 1944 for necessary treatment. Despite the partial success, the Quit India movement mobilized India and by the end of World War II, the British government had given a clear indication that power would soon be handed over to the Indians. Gandhiji ended the Quit India movement and the government released about 1 lakh political prisoners.
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In South Africa, Gandhiji inspired Indians to fight for their political and social rights. He also raised the issue of citizenship of Indians to the South African government and actively inspired the British authorities to recruit Indians in the Zulu War of 1906. According to Gandhi, in order to make his citizenship claims legal, Indians should cooperate in the British war effort.
The struggle of Indian freedom(1916–1945)
Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1914. By this time Gandhi had become distinguished as a nationalist leader and convenor. He came to India at the behest of moderate Congress leader Gopal Krishna Gokhale and in the initial stages Gandhi's ideas were influenced to a great extent by Gokhale's ideas. Initially Gandhi visited different parts of the country and tried to understand political, economic and social issues.Champaran and Kheda Satyagraha
Movements in Champaran in Bihar and Kheda in Gujarat gave Gandhi the first political success in India. The British zamindars in Champaran forced the farmers to cultivate indigo instead of food crops and buy crops at cheaper prices, which worsened the situation of the farmers. Due to this they were surrounded by extreme poverty. After a devastating famine, the British government imposed oppressive taxes, whose burden kept increasing day by day. Overall the situation was very disappointing. Gandhiji led protests and strikes against the landlords after which the demands of the poor and the farmers were accepted.In 1918, Kheda in Gujarat was hit by floods and drought, due to which the situation of farmers and poor changed and people started demanding tax apologies. In Kheda, under the guidance of Gandhiji, Sardar Patel led the farmers to discuss this problem with the British. After this, the British released all the prisoners by releasing revenue collection. Thus, after Champaran and Kheda, Gandhi's fame spread throughout the country and he emerged as an important leader of the freedom movement.
Khilafat Movement
Gandhiji got the opportunity to increase his popularity within the Congress and among the Muslims through the Khilafat Movement. The Khilafat was a worldwide movement by which the declining dominance of the Caliphate was being opposed by Muslims all over the world. The Ottoman Empire was disbanded after being defeated in the First World War, causing Muslims to worry about the safety of their religion and shrines. In India, the Khilafat was being led by the All India Muslim Conference. Gradually Gandhi became its chief spokesperson. He returned the honor and medal given by the British to express solidarity with the Indian Muslims. After this, Gandhi became not only the Congress but also the only leader of the country whose influence was on the people of different communities.Non cooperation movement
Gandhiji believed that the British rule in India was possible only with the cooperation of Indians and if we all together cooperate on everything against the British, freedom is possible. Gandhi's growing popularity made him the greatest leader of the Congress and he was now in a position to use weapons like non-cooperation, non-violence and peaceful retaliation against the British. Meanwhile, the Jallianwala massacre caused great shock to the country, causing a flame of anger and violence in the public.Gandhiji called for a Swadeshi policy which was to boycott foreign goods, especially English goods. He said that all Indians should wear handmade khadi by our own people, rather than the clothes made by the British. He asked men and women to spin yarn daily. Apart from this, Mahatma Gandhi also requested to boycott UK educational institutions and courts, to quit government jobs and to return the honors and honors received from the English government.
The non-cooperation movement was getting immense success, which increased the enthusiasm and participation among all sections of the society, but in February 1922, it ended with the Chauri-Chaura scandal. After this violent incident Gandhiji withdrew the non-cooperation movement. He was arrested and tried for treason in which he was sentenced to six years imprisonment. He was released by the government in February 1924 due to poor health.
Swaraj and Salt Satyagraha
Gandhi was released in February 1924 after his arrest during the Non-Cooperation Movement and remained away from active politics till 1928. During this time he continued to reduce the estrangement between the Swaraj Party and the Congress and in addition to fighting against untouchability, alcoholism, ignorance and poverty.At the same time, the British government created a new Statutory Reform Commission for India under the leadership of Sir John Simon, but none of its members were Indians, due to which Indian political parties boycotted it. After this, in the Calcutta session of December 1928, Gandhiji asked the British rulers to give power to the Indian Empire and to be prepared to face the non-cooperation movement for the independence of the country.
The Indian flag was hoisted in Lahore on 31 December 1929 after the British received no response and the Congress celebrated 26 January 1930 as Indian Independence Day. After this, Gandhiji launched the Salt Satyagraha in protest against the government's imposition of tax on salt, under which he traveled about 388 km from Ahmedabad to Dandi, Gujarat from 12 March to 6 April. The purpose of this trip was to generate salt by itself. Thousands of Indians participated in this journey and were successful in distracting the English government. During this time, the government arrested more than 60 thousand people and sent them to jail.
After this, the government, represented by Lord Irwin, decided to consult Gandhiji as a result of which the Gandhi-Irwin Pact was signed in March 1931. Under the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, the British government agreed to release all political prisoners. As a result of this agreement, Gandhi attended the Round Table Conference held in London as the sole representative of the Congress but this conference was extremely disappointing for the Congress and other nationalists. After this, Gandhi was arrested again and the government tried to crush the nationalist movement.
Gandhi resigned from Congress membership in 1934. Instead of political activities, he shifted his focus to building the nation 'from the lowest level' through 'creative programs'. He started the work of educating rural India, continuing the movement against untouchability, promoting spinning, weaving and other cottage industries and creating an education system suited to the needs of the people.
Harijan movement
As a result of the efforts of Dalit leader BR Ambedkar, the British government approved separate elections for untouchables under a new constitution. Gandhiji, who was in Yerwada jail, fasted for six days in September 1932 in protest against this and forced the government to adopt a uniform system (Poona Pact). This was the beginning of a campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of the untouchables. On 8 May 1933, Gandhiji undertook a 21-day fast for self-purification and started a one-year campaign to further the Harijan movement. Dalit leaders like Ambedkar were not pleased with this movement and condemned Gandhi ji to use the word Harijan for Dalits.World War II and 'Quit India Movement'
At the beginning of World War II, Gandhiji was in favor of giving 'non-violent moral support' to the British, but many Congress leaders were unhappy that the government had thrown the country into war without consulting the representatives of the people. Gandhi declared that India was being denied independence on the one hand, and on the other, India was being included in the war to win the democratic powers. As the war progressed Gandhiji and Congress intensified the demand for 'Quit India' movement.'Quit India' became the most powerful movement in the struggle for freedom movement which led to widespread violence and arrest. Thousands of freedom fighters were either killed or injured in this struggle and thousands were arrested. Gandhiji made it clear that he would not support the British war effort unless India was granted immediate independence. He also said that this movement will not stop despite personal violence. He believed that the government chaos prevailing in the country is more dangerous than the real chaos. Gandhiji asked all Congressmen and Indians to maintain discipline with non-violence, do or die (do or die).
As everyone had anticipated, the English government arrested Gandhiji and all members of the Congress Working Committee on 9 August 1942 in Mumbai and Gandhiji was taken to the Aga Khan Palace in Pune where he was held captive for two years. Meanwhile, his wife Kasturba Gandhi died after 22 February 1944 and after some time Gandhiji also suffered from malaria.
The British could not let him in jail in this condition, so he was released on 6 May 1944 for necessary treatment. Despite the partial success, the Quit India movement mobilized India and by the end of World War II, the British government had given a clear indication that power would soon be handed over to the Indians. Gandhiji ended the Quit India movement and the government released about 1 lakh political prisoners.
Partition and independence of the country
As stated earlier, by the end of World War II, the British government had indicated to liberate the country. Along with the movement for India's independence, the demand for a 'separate Muslim majority country' (Pakistan) under Jinnah's leadership was intensified and in the 40s these forces made the demand for a separate nation 'Pakistan' in reality Had changed. Gandhiji did not want the partition of the country because it was completely different from his doctrine of religious unity but it did not happen and the British divided the country into two pieces - India and Pakistan.Assassination of Gandhiji
On January 30, 1948, Father of the Nation Mahatma Gandhi was assassinated in the Birla House in Delhi at 5:17 pm. Gandhiji was going to address a prayer meeting when his killer Nathuram Godse fired 3 bullets into his chest. It is believed that 'Hey Ram' was the last word from his mouth. Nathuram Godse and his associate were prosecuted and sentenced to death in 1949.Biography of Mahatma Gandhi, Essay on Mahatma Gandhi, Gandhi in South Africa, mahatma gandhi biography mahatma gandhi children mahatma gandhi death mahatma gandhi quotes mahatma gandhi biography in hindi mahatma gandhi autobiography mahatma gandhi age mahatma gandhi assassination mahatma gandhi airport mahatma gandhi autobiography in bengali mahatma gandhi awards the mahatma gandhi essay the mahatma gandhi story mahatma gandhi birthday c'est qui mahatma gandhi mahatma gandhi date of birth mahatma gandhi death date mahatma gandhi drawing mahatma gandhi daughter name mahatma gandhi daughter mahatma gandhi death day mahatma gandhi dj d.o.b mahatma gandhi mahatma gandhi dob mahatma gandhi mahatma gandhi essay mahatma gandhi essay in bengali mahatma gandhi essay in english mahatma gandhi essay in hindi mahatma gandhi education mahatma gandhi energy mahatma gandhi essay in hindi 10 lines mahatma gandhi english
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